Stem Cells
Stem cells are long-lived cells in the body that have the ability to differentiate into
specialized cells to create new tissues and are capable of self regeneration. A common
misperception is that not all stem cells are equal, there are many different types. Some
stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells have the potential to form many diverse tissues,
while others that are more specialized can only form a few or even just one type of cell.
Stem cells can be classified by potential or source.When classifying by potential
(greatest potential first) the categories are: totipotent, pluripotent, mulitpotent, unipotent.
Unlike any other human cell, a totipotent cell has the natural ability to form every cell in
the human body, including the extra embryonic cells. Pluripotent stem cells are very
similar to totipotent stem cells but can not make extra embryonic cells, ES cells are
pleuripotent. Multipotent stem cells seo leeds are stem cells that can produce a limited subset of
cells, examples include neural stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. Unipotent stem
cells are similar to normal cells in the body, but unlike a regular cell, they are considered
stem cells because they are self replicating. An example of unipotent stem cell is
epithelial stem cells.
The second way to classify stem cells is by the type of tissue from which they are
isolated. The two types are: adult stem cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cells are
not specialized and have a greater natural potential. Adult stem cells are stem cells that
are more specialized and are partially differentiated.
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Considerable misinformation exists on exactly what has been achieved with stem
cells to date. Since the fifties when bone marrow transplants with hematopoietic stem
cells were originally conducted, stem cell therapies have successfully evolved from one
method of treating leukemia, into a more modern and technologically advanced approach
to medicine in which stem cells and advanced harvesting techniques are used to combat
all types serious medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis,
and even in the repair of spinal cord injuries. Hematopoietic stem cells can be used to
treat diseases of the blood such as leukemia, through treatments such as bone marrow
transplants. Hematopoietic stem cells have also been used to treat immune system
disorders, such as Crohn’s disease, Behcet disease, and Krabbe disease. Pancreatic stem
cells can be used to grow islet cells to combat diabetes. Stem cells, from the brain or
nasal cavity of mice, have been used to trigger the regrowth of myelin in mice with
multiple sclerosis. Adult stem cells (neural) have also been used to treat Parkinson’s
disease, through transplantation. An area of ongoing research is the treatment of spinal
cord injuries with neural stem cells. There is also much research into the treatment of
cancer and other diseases with stem cells.
As with most new technologies, stem cells are highly controversial. The moral
dilemmas presented by stem cell research are as diverse as the research. These concerns
take the form of both moral and religious objections. Catholics are against all ES and EG
research, while Muslims and Jews feel that these areas of interest can be explored in a
morally upright fashion, so long as the research saves human lives. The main issues with
ES and EG research are: web designer leeds when does life begin, is the greater good a valid argument, and
how does ES and EG research affect the donors. Those that believe life begins at
conception tend to see ES research as morally wrong, while those who believe otherwise
often can justify it for the “common good”. The issue of parthenotes, embryos without
the ability to grow into a human, provides a possible alternative source for ES cells, but
also has its opponents.
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Laws are currently in place in most countries to regulate stem cell use. Whether
the laws are strict or lenient depends on the country. Some countries like England and
Sweden have liberal laws that allow most stem cell research. Other countries allow
research as long as the ES cells are taken from a line derived from embryos from fertility
clinics. The most strick countries do not allow any ES cell research